Ptolemy Mapping Ireland

"If you would be delited with fresh water, the famous river, called of Ptolemy the Libnia Labia, runneth fast by. If you will take the view of the sea, it is at hand. Give heed!" FW. 540

 Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, created one of the most influential geographical works of antiquity, the "Geographia," around 140 AD. While Ptolemy never visited Ireland himself, he attempted to map the known world of his time using a combination of existing maps, mathematical calculations, and reports from travellers, merchants, and military campaigns.

 

Ptolemy's depiction of Ireland in the "Geographia" is based on the information available to him at the time. His map of Ireland was created using a combination of latitude and longitude coordinates, a grid system that he developed. Ptolemy's work was influenced by the cartographic knowledge of his era, which was quite limited compared to modern geographical understanding.

 

Ptolemy's map of Ireland in the "Geographia" is one of the earliest known depictions of the island in a relatively recognizable form. However, there are significant distortions and inaccuracies in his representation. Ptolemy placed Ireland too far to the east and made it larger than it is in reality. This misrepresentation of Ireland's size and position can be attributed to the limitations of the geographic data available to him and his reliance on mathematical calculations.

 

It's important to note that Ptolemy's "Geographia" was more of a theoretical and mathematical work than a practical and accurate map of the world. His maps were influential in shaping European cartography for centuries, and they served as a foundation for later mapmakers to build upon. Over time, subsequent cartographers and explorers improved the accuracy of maps through actual exploration and more precise measurements.

 

In summary, Ptolemy's map of Ireland in his "Geographia" is a representation based on a combination of available geographical knowledge, reports from travellers and traders, and his mathematical calculations. While it was a significant step in the development of cartography, it was not an accurate representation of Ireland's size or position and required later explorers and cartographers to refine the maps of the island.

The Claddagh

 " and a odd principeza in her pettedcoat and the queen of knight's clubs and the claddagh ringleaders and the two salaames and the Halfa" FW. 497.33

The Claddagh is a remarkable fishing village in Galway, known as the oldest fishing village in Ireland with a rich history and unique customs. Its story is deeply intertwined with the maritime heritage of the region, the famous Claddagh ring, and the distinct features that set it apart from the rest of Galway.

 

1. Ancient Origins and Customary Governance:

The Claddagh has a claim to being Ireland's oldest fishing village, with a history dating back centuries. In the medieval period, it was recognized for its distinct customs and governance. The village operated under its own laws, with a unique social structure that included a hereditary King of The Claddagh. The King was elected by the local fishermen and had the authority to make decisions concerning fishing rights and disputes.

 

2. The Galway Hooker Boats:

The Claddagh is renowned for its association with the Galway Hooker, a traditional Irish fishing boat. These sturdy, wooden vessels were an essential part of the local fishing industry. The design of the Galway Hooker is distinct and adapted to the challenging waters of Galway Bay. The village's fishermen relied on these boats for their livelihood, and the Galway Hooker became an enduring symbol of The Claddagh's maritime history.

 

3. The Spanish Arch:

One of the most iconic landmarks in Galway, the Spanish Arch, stands as a testament to The Claddagh's connection to international trade. The arch was built in the 16th century as an extension of the city's defensive walls and served as a key point for ships arriving from Spain. Goods such as wine, spices, and other imports passed through the arch, and The Claddagh's fishermen were often involved in these trading activities, contributing to the village's economic and cultural development.

 

4. Cladach - The Flat Stony Shore:

The name "Claddagh" is derived from the Irish word "Cladach," which translates to "flat stony shore." The village's location along Galway Bay provided a unique setting for its fishing activities. The flat, rocky coastline was ideal for the launching and landing of fishing boats, making it a natural hub for the local fishing industry.

 

5. The Claddagh Ring:

The Claddagh is famous for its association with the Claddagh ring, a symbol of love, loyalty, and friendship. The ring's origins can be traced back to the Claddagh in the 17th century, where it was first created by a local resident, Richard Joyce. The design of the ring, featuring a heart, a crown, and two hands, symbolizes the values cherished by the people of The Claddagh, making it a beloved Irish cultural artifact.

 

Today, The Claddagh remains a cherished part of Galway's history, blending its rich maritime heritage with modern life. The village's fishing traditions have evolved, and the Galway Hooker boats are now symbols of cultural heritage. The Claddagh's customs, such as the election of the King and the use of the Claddagh ring, continue to be celebrated, making it a unique and enduring piece of Ireland's cultural tapestry.

St Patrick and his Goat

 St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is widely known for his role in spreading Christianity throughout the country in the 5th century. While most people are familiar with his association with driving the snakes out of Ireland, there are many lesser-known tales and legends surrounding his life and missionary work. One such story involves St. Patrick and his goat in Monivea, a village located in County Galway, Ireland.

 

According to local folklore, St. Patrick and his trusty goat played a pivotal role in the early Christianization of the area. It is said that as St. Patrick journeyed through Ireland, he often relied on a goat companion for milk, companionship, and perhaps a bit of protection. Monivea, nestled in the lush countryside of western Ireland, was a place where St. Patrick and his goat made a significant impact.

 

The story goes that St. Patrick, along with his faithful goat, arrived in Monivea during his mission to convert the local population to Christianity. His presence in the village was met with some resistance and scepticism, as the people were deeply rooted in their traditional beliefs and practices. However, St. Patrick was known for his gentle and persuasive approach to conversion, and he often used everyday occurrences to teach the message of Christ.

 

One day, as St. Patrick was preaching to a gathering of locals in Monivea, his goat happened to be standing nearby. As he spoke, the goat suddenly began to paw at the ground, revealing a hidden well beneath the earth. The well's crystal-clear water gushed forth, and the villagers were amazed at the miraculous discovery. St. Patrick seized this opportunity to explain the symbolism of the well and the living water that flowed from it as a representation of the Christian faith.

 

This incident had a profound impact on the people of Monivea. They saw it as a divine sign and began to embrace Christianity, largely thanks to the goat's unexpected revelation. The well became a place of pilgrimage and a symbol of the village's newfound faith, and it was dedicated to St. Patrick. Over time, a small church was built near the well to commemorate this event, and it became an important religious site in Monivea.

 

The story of St. Patrick and his goat in Monivea is just one of the many legends that surround the saint's life and his efforts to bring Christianity to Ireland. While the historical accuracy of such tales is often debated, they continue to be cherished by the people of Ireland as part of their rich cultural heritage, celebrating the enduring legacy of St. Patrick and his mission to spread the Christian faith.

 

 

 

 

The Abduction of Lord Howth's Heir by Grace O'Malley

" It was of a night, late, lang time agone, in an auldstane eld, when Adam was delvin and his madameen spinning watersilts, when mulk mountynotty man was everybully and the first leal ribberrobber that ever had her ainway everybuddy to his love- saking eyes and everybilly lived alove with everybiddy else, and Jarl van Hoother had his burnt head high up in his lamphouse, laying cold hands on himself. And his two little jiminies, cousins of ourn, Tristopher and Hilary, were kickaheeling their dummy on the oil cloth flure of his homerigh, castle and earthenhouse. And, be dermot, who come to the keep of his inn only the niece-of-his-in-law, the prankquean." FW. 21

 

One of the most famous tales associated with Howth Castle is the captivating story of the abduction of the heir of the house of Howth by none other than Grace O'Malley, also known as Grainne Uaile. This tale, steeped in legend, remains an enduring testament to the enduring power of Irish folklore and the complex dynamics of hospitality and tradition.

 

The legend unfolds around the year 1575, during a period when Grace O'Malley, the intrepid seafaring chieftain, had returned from a visit to Queen Elizabeth I. Upon her return to the shores of Howth, she harboured hopes of being admitted to dine with Lord Howth, the owner of the grand castle, and to secure provisions for her voyage back to County Mayo. In keeping with the long-held Irish traditions of hospitality, Grace expected open arms and a warm welcome.

 

However, upon her arrival at the castle, she was met with a sight that deeply offended her. The imposing gates of Howth Castle were shut tightly, denying her entry and thus, in her eyes, transgressing the sacred laws of Irish hospitality. Her sense of insult was profound.

 

The legend takes an even more dramatic turn when the young heir to Lord Howth, likely a child at the time, was taken to the shoreline to catch a glimpse of Grace O'Malley's mighty ship. In a daring and audacious move, she seized this opportunity and abducted the young heir, whisking him away to the remote beauty of Clew Bay.

 

Grace O'Malley's ransom for the safe return of the heir was a pledge from Lord Howth and his household. They promised never to close the gates of the castle during the dinner hour and to set a place at the table for any unexpected guest who might arrive. This promise was solemnly kept, and to this very day, an extra place is laid at the table at Howth Castle, a poignant reminder of a legendary episode in Irish history.

 

While historical records suggest that Grace O'Malley did not visit Queen Elizabeth until 1593, by which time there was no heir of the appropriate age, it is believed that she was indeed in Dublin in 1576, visiting the Lord Deputy. Thus, this date seems the most plausible for the incident of the abduction, forever etched in the annals of Irish lore as a testament to the enduring spirit of hospitality, tradition, and the audacity of the remarkable Grace O'Malley.

Donal O'Flaherty and Gráinne Mhaol: A Gaelic Power Couple in 16th-Century Ireland

 The history of Ireland in the late 16th century was marked by political turbulence, foreign encroachments, and a fervent desire among Gaelic Irish clans to preserve their culture and independence. In the midst of this tumultuous era, Donal an Chogaidh O'Flaherty, also known as Donal of the Battle, emerged as a prominent figure. As the son of Morogh na Mart O'Flaherty and chieftain of the powerful O'Flaherty clan, Donal's historical significance was already established. However, he is perhaps best known for his marriage to the legendary pirate queen and chieftain of the O'Malley clan, Gráinne Mhaol, also known as Grace O'Malley. This union, forged in the crucible of Irish history, became a symbol of Gaelic resilience and defiance in the face of English domination.

 

Donal O'Flaherty's Background:

 

Donal O'Flaherty hailed from the O'Flaherty clan, a formidable Gaelic Irish family rooted in Connacht, in the western part of Ireland. As the chieftain of this influential clan, he inherited a legacy of leadership and a commitment to preserving their Gaelic heritage. With a reputation for military prowess and a deep understanding of the political landscape, Donal was well-equipped to navigate the complex world of 16th-century Ireland.

 

Gráinne Mhaol, the Pirate Queen:

 

On the other side of this tale was Gráinne Mhaol, the indomitable pirate queen and chieftain of the O'Malley clan. Gráinne was renowned for her maritime expertise, her fierce independence, and her unyielding determination. She controlled the waters along the western coast of Ireland, a strategic and coveted region due to its importance for trade and transportation. However, it was her marriage to Donal O'Flaherty that would set the stage for a unique partnership of power.

 

The Significance of Their Union:

 

The marriage between Donal O'Flaherty and Gráinne Mhaol represented a formidable alliance in the complex and tumultuous political landscape of 16th-century Ireland. It was a partnership that extended beyond mere politics and power; it was built on mutual respect and a shared vision of preserving Gaelic Irish culture and resisting English domination. This union not only strengthened the O'Flaherty clan but also enhanced Gráinne Mhaol's position in the region.

 

Donal O'Flaherty's military expertise and leadership in various conflicts proved invaluable to Gráinne Mhaol in her efforts to resist English encroachments and contend with other regional powers. Together, they played a pivotal role in defending their territories, particularly along the western coast of Ireland, where English colonial expansion posed a significant threat.

 

A Legacy of Resistance:

 

The legacy of Donal O'Flaherty and Gráinne Mhaol's marriage extends beyond their strength as leaders. It embodies the broader struggles of Gaelic Irish nobility against the English Crown. Their shared commitment to maintaining their cultural heritage, protecting their lands, and resisting foreign influence continues to be celebrated as a symbol of Irish resistance and independence.

 

Gráinne Mhaol's legendary exploits have often overshadowed Donal O'Flaherty's historical presence, but their marriage stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of resistance and pride that characterized Gaelic Irish chieftains during a time of great change and upheaval in Ireland. Their partnership exemplifies the resilience of the Gaelic culture and its unyielding commitment to preserving its identity in the face of external pressures. Donal O'Flaherty and Gráinne Mhaol's union remains a symbol of Ireland's enduring fight for sovereignty and cultural preservation.

Gráinne Mhaol: The Pirate Queen

 

Gráinne Mhaol was born around 1530 into the Ó Máille clan in the west of Ireland. She inherited her formidable seafaring skills and warrior spirit from her father, Eoghan Dubhdara Ó Máille. In an era when gender roles were strictly defined, Gráinne Mhaol broke boundaries by becoming a renowned pirate and leader of her clan. Her fame extended far beyond her family, and her actions and influence left a significant impact on the region, including the city of Galway.

 

One of the key connections between Gráinne Mhaol and Galway lies in the city's strategic location on the western coast of Ireland. Galway was a bustling port and a hub for trade and commerce during the 16th century. Gráinne Mhaol recognised the importance of Galway in the maritime landscape, and her actions in the region were intertwined with its fortunes. She controlled many territories along the west coast, including parts of Connemara and Clare, which made her a powerful figure in the region. Her dominance of these lands meant that she could exact taxes and tolls from ships and traders passing through Galway, adding to her considerable wealth and influence.

 

Her interactions with the people of Galway were a mix of conflict and cooperation. She was known to have had numerous clashes with Galway's powerful merchant families, such as the Lynches and the Martyns, who often sought to protect their trading interests from the Pirate Queen's encroachments. In some instances, she even kidnapped members of these prominent families, which led to tense negotiations and exchanges. However, Gráinne Mhaol was not just a troublemaker. She was also a patron of Galway, providing protection from foreign invaders and serving as a source of employment for local men who joined her crews.

 

One of the most well-documented events involving Gráinne Mhaol and Galway is the 1574 meeting with Sir Richard Bingham, the English governor of Connacht. She sought an audience with him to discuss the release of her son, Tibbot Burke, who was imprisoned. Their meeting is a testament to her diplomatic skills, as she famously refused to bow to Bingham and instead offered him a hand in greeting, highlighting her equal status. Although she was unsuccessful in securing her son's release, the meeting highlighted her persistence and determination in the face of formidable adversaries.

 

The legacy of Gráinne Mhaol in Galway lives on to this day. The city's historical records and landmarks still bear traces of her influence. Her story has been immortalised in various forms, from songs and poems to books and plays, which continue to capture the imagination of both locals and visitors. The famous Spanish Arch in Galway, originally built to protect the harbour from potential attacks by pirates and foreign powers, stands as a reminder of the turbulent maritime history of the region.

 

 

The Táin Bó Cúailnge: Epic of Heroism and Sacrifice

  

"the shadow of the huge outlander, maladik, multvult, magnoperous, had bulked at the bar of a rota of tribunals in manor hall as in thieves' kitchen, mid pillow talk and chithouse chat, on Marlborough Green as through Molesworth Fields,” FW. 57.34

 

The Táin Bó Cúailnge, often anglicised as "The Cattle Raid of Cooley," is a legendary epic from Irish mythology that ranks among the greatest tales of heroism and sacrifice in the ancient Celtic tradition. It opens with “Once upon a time it befell Ailill and Medb that, when their royal bed had been prepared for them in Ráth Crúachain in Connacht, they spoke together as they lay on their pillow.”

The Táin Bó Cúailnge is believed to have been composed in the 7th century but draws upon older oral traditions that may date back centuries. The tale's setting is the pre-Christian Ireland of the Ulster Cycle, a time when kings and warriors performed heroic deeds and magic and mysticism intertwined with daily life. At its core, the epic is the story of a great cattle raid, one that sets the stage for epic battles, larger-than-life characters, and themes of honour, destiny, and loyalty.

 

The central character of the Táin is Cú Chulainn, one of the most famous figures in Irish mythology. Cú Chulainn, whose birth name is Setanta, is a warrior of unparalleled skill and ferocity, capable of facing entire armies single-handedly. His remarkable talents are fuelled by the "ríastrad," a battle frenzy that overtakes him in moments of combat, making him a force of nature. The story's introduction details his childhood and early exploits, setting the stage for his transformation into Cú Chulainn.

 

The narrative revolves around Queen Medb of Connacht's desire for the Brown Bull of Cooley, a magnificent beast located in the kingdom of Ulster. Medb's greed and the desire for this bull set in motion a series of events that lead to the epic cattle raid. However, Ulster's warriors, including Cú Chulainn, are incapacitated by a curse, leaving only Cú Chulainn to defend the kingdom.

 

Cú Chulainn's valor and determination are showcased as he battles Medb's armies and champions, known as the "cattle raid of heroes." Each encounter is a test of his courage and strength, leading to some of the most memorable moments in the epic. The story highlights not only the physical prowess of Cú Chulainn but also his strategic wit and resourcefulness.

 

A poignant theme in the Táin Bó Cúailnge is the idea of destiny and the inevitability of fate. Throughout the epic, Cú Chulainn is repeatedly warned about his early death, yet he continues to fight with unwavering bravery. This aspect of the narrative underscores the Celtic belief in the inescapable power of fate and the notion that heroes must accept their destiny, even if it leads to tragedy.

 

The Táin is not just a tale of heroism and valour; it also explores the bonds of loyalty and friendship. Cú Chulainn's closest friend, Ferdia, is tragically pitted against him in battle. The emotional depth of this encounter serves as a reminder that heroes, despite their prowess, are still subject to the complexities of human emotion.

 

The Táin Bó Cúailnge also features an array of colourful and distinct characters, from the wise and enigmatic druid Cathbad to the cunning and resourceful Queen Medb. The richness of the supporting cast contributes to the tapestry of the epic, making it a truly immersive experience for readers and listeners.

 

The Mythological Island of Hy-Brasil: A Tale of Mystique and Mystery

“and sure as home we come to newsky prospect from west the wave on schedule time (if I came any quicker I'll be right back before I left) from the land of breach of promise with Brendan's mantle whitening the Kerribrasilian sea” FW.442.14

 

The world is teeming with myths, legends, and stories of places that exist only in the realm of imagination. One such place is the mythological island of Hy-Brasil. Said to be located off the western coast of Ireland, this island has captured the human imagination for centuries, becoming a symbol of the unexplained and the mystical.

 

Although Hy-Brasil is a phantom island it has been appearing on maps since the 14th century, but its origins go back much further. The island is said to be circular, covered in lush vegetation, and inhabited by an advanced and peaceful civilization. Legends tell of its frequent disappearance, concealed by fog and mist, and reappearing at irregular intervals. This inherent elusiveness has contributed to its mystique, as tales of mariners and adventurers searching for the fabled island have spread far and wide.

 

The name "Hy-Brasil" is believed to be derived from the Irish term "Hy Breasal," which means "Isle of the Blessed." The island is often associated with ancient Celtic and Druidic lore, adding an aura of spirituality and magic to its legend. Some claim that it is the final resting place of the gods, a paradise lost to humanity.

 

Hy-Brasil's appearance on maps can be traced back to the early European explorers and cartographers, such as the Catalan Atlas of 1375 and the Piri Reis map of 1513. These maps depict the island as a circular landmass in the Atlantic Ocean, usually situated to the west of Ireland. However, it's important to note that Hy-Brasil is always portrayed as being separate from the mainland, highlighting its enigmatic nature. Its exact location on maps varied, further complicating the task of those who sought to find it.

 

The mythology surrounding Hy-Brasil has been kept alive through oral traditions, seafaring tales, and the written word. Stories of sailors who claimed to have glimpsed the island and the mysterious disappearances that surrounded it became part of maritime folklore. It is said that, on the rare occasions when Hy-Brasil revealed itself, those who set foot on its shores would be greeted by the island's enigmatic inhabitants. The people of Hy-Brasil were believed to possess advanced knowledge and a deep connection to nature, making them guardians of ancient wisdom.

 

The mystery of Hy-Brasil only deepened as explorers and sailors tried in vain to locate the island. Numerous expeditions were launched over the centuries, all ending in disappointment and failure. Even famous figures like John Cabot and the Italian explorer John Cabot were said to have embarked on quests to find Hy-Brasil but never returned.

 

As time passed and our understanding of the world improved, the myth of Hy-Brasil gradually lost its credibility. Modern cartography and satellite imagery have debunked the existence of this mysterious island. In reality, there is no physical evidence of Hy-Brasil, and it has been largely relegated to the realm of folklore and legend.

Title: The Legacy of Persse Whiskey: Crafting Excellence on Nun's Island

 

Galway, a city known for its rich history and cultural heritage, has been home to many notable landmarks and traditions. Among them, the Persse whiskey distillery stands out as a testament to both the city's distilling heritage and its unique connections to literary figures like Lady Augusta Gregory. The connection between the Persse family and Lady Gregory occurred through marriage. In 1880, Lady Gregory's daughter, Isabella Augusta Persse, married Sir William Henry Gregory, thus connecting the two families. This union brought Lady Gregory to Galway, where she would spend a significant portion of her life.

The Distillery Complex: A Monument of Craftsmanship

The Persse whiskey distillery on Nun's Island spanned over seven acres. This expansive complex stood as a testament to the Persse family's unwavering commitment to the art of whiskey making. Its sheer scale demonstrated their ambition and their significant contribution to the local economy, providing employment opportunities in the Galway region.

 Sourcing Grain from Kinvara

 A distinctive hallmark of Persse whiskey was its commitment to using locally sourced ingredients, particularly grain from the neighbouring region of Kinvara. This choice of local grains reflected an earnest desire to encapsulate the authenticity and uniqueness of the Galway region within each bottle of Persse whiskey. It was a deliberate effort to craft a spirit that was a genuine representation of the character and terroir of the area.

 Aging Excellence: 7 and 10-Year-Old Whiskey

 Persse whiskey gained fame for its meticulous aging processes, with offerings available as both 7 and 10-year-old expressions. These extended aging periods showcased the distillery's dedication to producing high-quality spirits. The patience and care taken during aging resulted in complex, mature flavours that garnered a dedicated following among connoisseurs and aficionados. Persse whiskey became synonymous with excellence and craftsmanship.

 Challenges and Tarnished Reputation

 

Despite its success and popularity, Persse whiskey faced significant challenges that threatened its reputation. Unscrupulous publicans were found to be diluting the whiskey to increase their profits, a practice that cast a shadow on the distillery's integrity. This led to a series of court cases that not only affected the distillery's financial standing but also damaged its reputation. These legal battles served as a reminder of the difficulties that the distillery had to contend with during its operation.

 From John Joyce to the Persse Family

 The origins of the distillery can be traced back to the 1700s when it was operated by John Joyce. However, in 1840, a pivotal moment in its history occurred when the Persse family acquired the distillery. Under their ownership, the distillery thrived, reaching its zenith and producing an impressive 10,000 gallons of whiskey per week during its peak years. The Persse family's leadership marked a transformative period in the distillery's history.

 The End of an Era

 Despite its remarkable success, Persse Distilleries faced challenges in the early 20th century. Changing market dynamics, economic difficulties, and the aforementioned reputation issues all contributed to the distillery's eventual closure in 1908. The closure marked the end of an era in Galway's distilling history and brought an unfortunate end to a significant chapter in Irish whiskey production.

 In Conclusion

 Persse whiskey distillery on Nun's Island is a testament to the dedication, innovation, and resilience of the Persse family in the 19th century. It became one of the most successful distilleries in Ireland, known for producing high-quality whiskey that authentically represented the Galway region. Despite its challenges and eventual closure, the legacy of Persse whiskey endures as a significant chapter in both Galway's distilling heritage and the broader history of Irish whiskey. It serves as a reminder of the enduring spirit of craftsmanship that defines the world of whiskey.

St. Brendan the Navigator: His Connections with Galway and Clonfert

In the quest to explore the life and legends surrounding St. Brendan the Navigator and his connections with Galway and Clonfert, it is crucial to recognise the profound impact that visiting these sites can have on one's understanding. Just as I embarked on an expedition to Clonfert during my search for inspiration for the Galway Project, I realised the importance of first-hand experience in grasping the history and significance of these locations. I had seen photos of the Romanesque doorway and stonework adorning the small cathedral, and I knew that St. Brendan's grave rested there. However, it became clear that to truly connect with the history and spirituality of these places, one must stand on the same ground, breathe in the atmosphere, and witness the tangible relics of the past. In my journey to Clonfert, I aimed to find not only the physical remnants but also the essence of St. Brendan, just as James Joyce sought to uncover the multifaceted symbolism and timeless themes associated with this revered Irish figure in his masterpiece, "Finnegans Wake."

St. Brendan the Navigator, also known as St. Brendan of Clonfert, was a legendary Irish saint whose life and adventures have captured the imagination of people for centuries. He is revered not only for his religious contributions but also for his remarkable journeys across the sea.

St. Brendan, born in the year 484 AD in the Kingdom of Munster, Ireland, was destined for a life of devotion to the Christian faith. He entered the monastic life and eventually founded a monastery at Ardfert in County Kerry. However, it is his remarkable voyages that have made him famous worldwide. St. Brendan is often referred to as "the Navigator" because of his legendary voyage to the "Isle of the Blessed" or "Saint Brendan's Island." This journey, recounted in the "Navigatio Sancti Brendani" or "The Voyage of St. Brendan," is one of the earliest and most celebrated travel narratives in European history.

“And all the Dunders de Dunnes in Markland's Vineland beyond Brendan's herring pool takes number nine in yangsee's hats.” FW. 213.35

St. Brendan's connection with Galway lies in his voyage from Ireland, which is said to have started from the Galway Bay area. According to legend, in the 6th century, St. Brendan embarked on a seven-year journey across the Atlantic Ocean in a small boat made of animal skins and wood. His voyage was not only a religious pilgrimage but also an exploration of the unknown. During this journey, he and his companions encountered many fantastical creatures, including sea monsters, birds that sang psalms, and islands that moved.

 One of the most famous episodes from St. Brendan's voyage is the encounter with a giant fish. It is said that St. Brendan and his fellow monks mistook the fish for an island, anchored their boat, and lit a fire. When the fish awoke, it submerged, nearly taking the monks with it. This story has often been interpreted as a symbolic representation of the challenges and trials faced by the early Christian explorers.

 While the historical accuracy of St. Brendan's voyage is debated, there is evidence that his story had a significant impact on the exploration of the Atlantic. Some argue that his journey may have contributed to later European exploration efforts, such as Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas.

 Another notable connection between St. Brendan and Galway is the historic Clonfert Cathedral. Clonfert, also known as Clonfert-Mulloe, is a small village in County Galway. It was here that St. Brendan founded a monastery and became the bishop. Clonfert Cathedral, also known as St. Brendan's Cathedral, is a testament to his influence in the region. The cathedral, although much altered over the centuries, still contains elements of its original construction dating back to the 12th century.

St. Brendan's association with Clonfert and the establishment of a Christian community in the area played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity throughout Ireland. His legacy is further preserved in the "Brendan Cross," a stone cross dating to the 9th or 10th century, which stands near the cathedral.

Navigating the Waters of Consciousness: Much like St. Brendan navigated the physical waters of the Atlantic, the characters in "Finnegans Wake" navigate the vast and often turbulent waters of consciousness. St. Brendan's voyages become a metaphor for the human quest for self-discovery and understanding.

 The Wake as an Epic Journey: The structure of "Finnegans Wake" itself can be seen as a kind of epic journey, with the novel looping back on itself, just as Brendan's voyages are said to be cyclical. The circular and nonlinear narrative mirrors the cyclical nature of history, myth, and human experience.

 In "Finnegans Wake," St. Brendan serves as a multifaceted symbol, representing themes of exploration, pilgrimage, cyclical time, and the interplay between tradition and modernity. Joyce's use of allusion and wordplay makes references to St. Brendan just one layer of the complex narrative, inviting readers to dive into the depths of his work and explore the myriad connections and interpretations that can be drawn from it. The structure of "Finnegans Wake" itself can be seen as a kind of epic journey, with the novel looping back on itself, just as Brendan's voyages are said to be cyclical. The circular and nonlinear narrative mirrors the cyclical nature of history, myth, and human experience.

 In conclusion, St. Brendan the Navigator is a legendary figure in Irish history and Christian tradition. His connection with Galway is rooted in the legends of his epic voyage, which is said to have started from the Galway Bay area. Additionally, his association with the monastery of Clonfert in County Galway underscores his significant contributions to the spread of Christianity in Ireland. St. Brendan's legacy continues to inspire those interested in both religious history and the adventurous spirit of exploration, making him a revered figure not only in Ireland but also in the broader context of world history.

Title: Lynch Castle Galway: Unravelling the Myth

Lynch Castle in Galway is a captivating blend of history and legend, nestled within the vibrant streets of this Western Irish city. Its origins are tied to the Lynch family, one of the 14 Tribes of Galway, who played a significant role in the city's economic and political life during medieval and early modern times. We will look at the castle's true history, from its construction to its present-day role, while dispelling the myth of Mayor James Lynch Fitzstephen's alleged hanging of his son, Walter, which has become an enduring legend over the centuries. Notably, the legend of Lynch's hanging finds a place in James Joyce's literary masterpiece, "Finnegans Wake."

The Lynch Family: One of the 14 Tribes of Galway

The Lynch family was among the esteemed 14 Tribes of Galway, influential merchant families shaping the city's destiny. Renowned for their commercial acumen, they accumulated wealth and prestige, contributing to Galway's prosperity.

The Myth of Mayor James Lynch Fitzstephen and Gomez:

The legend of Mayor James Lynch Fitzstephen's hanging of his son, Walter, and the involvement of a young Spaniard named Gomez, originated in a romantic novel written by Reverend Edward Mangin in 1807. Thirteen years later, James Hardiman published "History of Galway," expanding upon Mangin's tale. Despite Mangin's confession of inventing the story and Hardiman's disclaimer regarding the tale's factual basis, the legend took hold and proliferated through literature, plays, and films.  

"I deemed the drugtails in my pettycourts and domstered dustyfeets in my husinclose: at Guy's they were swathed, at Foulke's slashed, the game for a Gomez, the loy for a lynch FW. 545. 42 

The True Story:

Contrary to the legend, there is no historical evidence to support the claim that Mayor Lynch hanged his son. The tale describes Walter's jealousy or greed leading to Gomez's murder. Walter was indeed tried and found guilty, but execution was not carried out. The mayor, also a magistrate, did not resort to hanging his son from a Lombard Street window.

The Transformation of the House:

The house connected to the myth, where the alleged event occurred, was reconstructed in 1624. It was known as "Deadman's Lane" and featured a black marble plaque with a human skull and crossed bones beneath it, possibly erected as a memorial by the Lynch family.

The Demise of the "Cross-Bones House":

The house's condition deteriorated over time. By 1842, it was described as "tottering," and in 1844, town commissioners recognized its danger and decided to demolish it. Financial constraints during the Great Famine prevented its reconstruction.

The Monument's Resurrection:

In 1853, a proposal emerged to erect a monument for the old Cross-Bones plaque. This monument, attributed to Fr. Peter Daly, was positioned near the church, preserving the memory of the Lynch legend.

The Lynch Legend Unveiled:

The myth of Mayor Lynch's son has been definitively debunked by Father Max Mitchell in his 1971 article, "Mayor Lynch of Galway," published in the Galway Archaeological and Historical Journal. Mitchell's research conclusively demonstrated that the legend was indeed a legend, lacking historical authenticity.

Conclusion:

Lynch Castle in Galway, a testament to the Lynch family's legacy, stands as an emblem of the city's history. While the legend of Mayor Lynch's son has captivated imaginations, it remains a work of fiction. Lynch Castle's true history, its construction, decorative features, and contemporary role deserve appreciation for their genuine contribution to Galway's rich heritage.

The Galway Joyce Project. I start out with a map.

  

 

When I embarked on this project, aiming to create a visual response to James Joyce's strong connections with Galway, I initiated my journey with a map. But not just any map of Galway; I began with the 17th-century pictorial map of the city, a rare artifact housed in the James Hardiman Library of the University of Galway. James Joyce himself possessed a printed copy of this map, which he cherished during his time abroad. He took pride in his affiliation with one of the Tribes of Galway and in his beloved Nora's roots in this remarkable city.

My artistic endeavor involved extensive visual research, not limited to this map but also encompassing other historical maps of Galway. My process often commences with the exploration of maps to establish context. I find great fascination in layering maps of the same area, revealing its transformations over time, akin to conducting an archaeological dig where others have laid the groundwork. As I began this journey, with one end anchored in the 17th-century Pictorial Map and the other in the current Geohive map of the city, I filled in the historical development and changes with various other versions. From the outset, I knew that the final artwork would be set against a backdrop of Galway's map, though the precise direction it would take remained uncertain. Now, nearly ten months into the project, I believe it's crucial to commence a blog, chronicling the stages of research, development, and the eventual creation of the final artwork. Here's a glimpse of the remarkable 17th-century Pictorial Map of Galway, which left an indelible mark on me when I visited it in the Hardiman Library about a year ago.

The 17th-century pictorial map of Galway is a rare artifact, surviving in only two known copies – one housed in the James Hardiman Library of Galway University, and the other residing at Trinity College Dublin. This monumental map comprises nine sheets organized into three rows and boasts impressive dimensions of 6 feet 7 inches by 4 feet 6 inches. Historically, it was affixed to fabric, mounted on wooden rollers, and later coated with varnish, aging gracefully to acquire a rich brown hue.

The map's design and layout exemplify the quintessential Renaissance cartographic style. A standout feature of this map is the meticulous identification of 14 principal families along its lower border, collectively known as the Tribes of Galway. These families, including Athy, Blake, Bodkin, Browne, Darcy/D'Arcy, Deane, Font, French, Joyce, Kirwan, Lynch, Martyn, Morris, and Skerritt, are celebrated as the town's founders. Of these 14, 12 trace their origins to the Anglo-Norman heritage, while the Darcy (Ó Dorchaidhe) and Kirwan (Ó Ciardhubháin) families represent Normanized Irish Gaels.

In 1912, Joyce described the map as follows: "The strangest and most interesting historical document in the city archives is the map of the city made for the Duke of Lorraine in the seventeenth century when His Highness wished to be assured of the city’s greatness on the occasion of a loan requested of him by his English confrere, the happy monarch. The map is replete with symbolic expressions and engravings....The margins of the parchment are adorned with the heraldic arms of the tribes, and the map itself is nothing short of a topographical symphony, revolving around the theme of the number of tribes. Thus, the map enumerates and depicts fourteen bastions, fourteen towers on the wall, fourteen principal streets, fourteen narrow streets, and then transitions to seven gardens, seven altars..., seven markets, and seven other wonders."

 

Although Joyce appears to have drawn upon Hardiman's History of Galway for his historical background, modern research has cast doubts on the link between the map and the proposed treaty with the Duke of Lorraine. The recurring use of the numbers seven and fourteen on the map remains enigmatic, apart from their Christian religious symbolism and the broader Renaissance-era fascination with mathematics and numerology. The map even features a piece of Latin verse that mentions "Galway, Rome of Connacht, twice equals these; She boasts twice seven illustrious families."

 

While the Christian religious significance of the number seven is evident, as is the broader Renaissance interest in mathematics and numerology, the true significance of the numbers seven and fourteen on this map continues to mystify scholars. Speculations abound regarding hidden messages or meanings, but conclusive explanations remain elusive.

 https://nuigarchives.blogspot.com/2013/03/james-joyce-and-topographical-symphony.html